The Basic Principles Of suwon(수원룸싸) history

One among Starfield Suwon?�s most famed amenities is its exquisite Starfield Suwon Library. This large, dazzling library occupies the fourth to seventh flooring and has a peak of 22 metres. Bookworms are sure to tumble in like with this particular cosy reading through spot. the son from the late Crown Prince Sado.??There is certainly a lot to see once you check out Hwaseong Fortress, so I want to share some suggestions on building probably the most of your time and effort in Suwon. right up until 2017??18|eighteen}. On the flip side, Cho turned the league's totally free-throw proportion chief for 4 consecutive seasons. In January 2017, KT Sonicboom's administration stunned pundits and observers by announcing that Cho, who was the workforce's longest-serving player and regarded as its franchise star, could well be traded to Changwon LG Sakers in Trade for another participant and its best-drawn pick in the forthcoming rookie draft. At the moment, it absolutely was unheard of in the KBL for any team go through this sort of an extent to safe a choose in a very rookie draft.[fourteen] The drafting in the collegiate U-League's two major potential customers Heo Hoon and Yang Hong-seok from the 2017 rookie draft and also the arrival of new head coach Search engine marketing Dong-chul in 2018 noticed KT Sonicboom rise to become a contender for the Perform-offs Again.|Seemingly each individual large EPIK orientation visited this village, so I?�m a little bitter simply because I in no way received an orientation and thus have but to check out this place. It?�s big on introducing you to Joseon dynasty lifestyle, and that is wherever almost all of Korea?�s regular society emanates from!|The northern gate, termed Janganmun Gate, was the main entrance to Hwaseong Fortress, and it is the largest of the 4 entrances. It?�s the one particular the king would pass through when coming from Seoul, and it has a grand two-Tale creating over the stone foundation.|Even though there have been structures within the centre of town ??one of the most well known one staying a palace referred to as Hwaseong Haenggung ??the really significant aspect of Hwaseong Fortress was the wall that went within the internet site.|You can also head as many as Daeseungwon (?�?�원) after you?�re performed on the palace to go to the towering gold Buddha statue.|The two the north and south gates are topped with two-storey picket pavilions, although Hwaseomun's and Changyongmun's, Those people in the west and east gates respectively, have just one storey. The four major gates are encircled by miniature fortresses which were manned by guards. Meanwhile, Changyoungmun was enormously ruined in the course of the Korean War and it was restored in 1978.|The dimensions of forty six football stadiums, this sprawling browsing complicated is household to plenty of retail outlets and exceptional services. Starfield Suwon continues to be specifically created to cater to the trendy hobbies of people of their 20s and 30s. |Cite Although each individual work has actually been made to comply with citation style principles, there may be some discrepancies. You should make reference to the suitable model handbook or other resources if you have any queries. Decide on Citation Design and style|  Italian chef Fabrizio Ferrari, who accompanied Yu on his Suwon go to, told the press that he knowledgeable kindness and vibrancy permeating the marketplace.   ?�I strongly think that visiting a traditional marketplace in Korea is a singular, ought to-do vacationer action,??he claimed. ?�And as a chef, it was a refreshing and enriching gastronomic encounter.??  Korea Tourism Business (KTO)?�s Intercontinental social websites reporter for Japanese protection Ayane Oomomo explained that she appreciated the ?�bona fide environment??while in the markets in Suwon.|Walking The trail that follows the wall is the best way to go to Suwon Hwaseong Fortress because it leads you earlier all the leading capabilities, with modest constructions at standard intervals along the circumference.|Having a hike from the fortress grounds and admire sweeping views of the city down below, stroll alongside the edge with the wall, or simply consider pictures of the gates and palace grounds when you check out the rest of this town... Suwon has some actually stunning sights to love that only can't be found in Seoul.|The japanese gate, Changryongmun Gate, is straightforward to miss since it?�s just across from a large command write-up (more on that inside of a 2nd) and plenty of website visitors going for walks the wall route will have a shortcut that goes in front of it, as opposed to more than it. Continue to, What's more, it has an elegant structure with an individual story tower and semicircular base.}

The museum features an academic encounter for site visitors of any age, deepening their comprehension of Suwon?�s heritage.

Right after a significant ailment in 1745, he was never ever really precisely the same. It began with intense anxiety coping with his father, and it worsened into him being bodily violent as an Grownup.

The idea of a ?�fortress??in Korea is different to how the word is usually Utilized in other countries. This wasn't just one creating or simply a contained complex like a castle. It absolutely was generally a little metropolis, about 1.five kilometres in diameter.

Jeongjo considered his father had been wronged ??that Possibly his crimes had been exaggerated and tales of his conduct were being part of a conspiracy by political opponents.

Resource: meunierd / shutterstockKorean People Village For any blast of traditional Korean tradition and to discover what way of life was like before, program a day excursion to this open -air museum east of Suwon in Yongin (there?�s a shuttle bus from Suwon Station).

I preferred to say the Hwaseong Haenggung Palace individually partly because it?�s a particularly important Component of the fortress ??but will also mainly because it?�s not along the wall, which means you?�ll need to have to visit it individually. three tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula??181][182] was learned in Suwon about 1980, but resulting from urban sprawl it really is no more found in the town.|Paldalmun, known locally as Nammun (South Gate), sits in the midst of a roundabout with a active key highway in central Suwon. Its stone base is capped by using a two-storey wooden pavilion surrounded by a stone wall. A small, semi-circular protecting wall known as an ongseong, is located over the south side (outdoors) with the gate. The gate also residences a bell referred to as Paldalmun Dongjong, which was at first cast in Gaeseong in 1080 and was refounded in 1687 by Dohwaseung, the chief priest of Manuisa Temple, for use in Buddhist ceremonies. Standing 123 cm tall and 75 cm in diameter, it hangs from a dragon-shaped suspension ring, provides a flue pipe to established the tone and it has a rather curved system - attributes that happen to be regular of Korean bells of that period.|Loads of the palace was demolished during the Japanese occupation in the very first fifty percent with the twentieth century, but restoration get the job done begun in 1996 and also the palace opened its doors once more in 2003.|  Yu incorporates a Specific tie with the marketplace, as he spearheaded the marketplace?�s rebranding 15 a long time ago in a bid to revitalize traditional marketplaces by enriching the society with the suppliers. Among the list of results was the Group-operate radio. The host can be a merchant at the market, and he usually invitations other retailers or Suwon locals to star as friends in the program.|To make the most of on a daily basis excursion, I might advise a pay a visit to into the Suwon Hwaseong Museum, which offers you a great deal more of an insight into your story from the fortress.|Regardless if you are a history buff, a foodie, or simply a tech enthusiast, Suwon has some thing to captivate your pursuits and depart you with lasting Reminiscences. Prepare your go to to Suwon and embark with a journey by South Korea?�s historic gem.|Dongbuk Nodae is one of two crossbow platforms during the fortress which is situated close by on the east gate and has a wide industry of look at as it sits over a corner in the wall, enabling archers to focus on assailants from several angles. North-East Crossbow System|The fortress is in excess of an immense spot, but there?�s a tourist trolley that could carry you to definitely the primary gates, the royal palace within and also the museum.|You could browse a standard street current market, view woodwork and metalwork demonstrations, and capture very well-developed shows for horseback Using, dance and all kinds of other seasonal activities.|In the meantime, Motgol Marketplace is famed for its mouth watering side dishes. You?�ll get rid of keep track of of time just jumping from a person industry to a different. |With the KBL's new "hometown" coverage encouraging groups to have their residence floor and training facilities situated in a similar vicinity, KT Sonicboom opted to relocate to Suwon. Its management headquarters and education amenities had been located in Suwon due to the fact 2010.|Though seasons in South Korea could be rather Extraordinary (with winters dropping far in to the minuses and Summers achieving as many as forty levels Celsius), Suwon is a great area to go to at any time of year.|It?�s a well known climbing location for Koreans, and with steep hills and plenty of ground to check out simply a stone?�s throw from your coach station, it?�s a great place to take pleasure in lovely views of the town underneath whilst Mastering about Korea?�s prosperous history.|You will find there's separate entrance price to go to Hwaseong Haenggung, Whilst you can also get a combination ticket. I?�ll run you through People information in the subsequent section.|Eager to take house an attractive Korean hanbok as being a souvenir? Head to the Yeongdong Market instead. Regardless of the you?�re to the hunt for, you?�ll incredibly very likely locate some thing of interest at Nammun Sector!|Hwaseong is the main focus of numerous performances and festivals. A lot of the performances occur during the square in front of Haenggung and so are as adhere to.|The northern h2o gate, often known as Hwahongmun or even the Buksumun floodgate, is especially Exclusive due to the ornately decorated building higher than it, combined with the adjacent pavilion and pond.|Keeping enjoy above the river is a sublime wood pavilion, which was armed with cannons and will be fortified in case of sieges.|When you depart the palace, you?�ll want to climb up a little bit to visit Daeseungwon, or as Autumn And that i called it, the large gold Buddha statue. You are able to see it from the most crucial palace courtyard, that?�s how large it can be!}

At this stage, When your toes need a relaxation Why don't you take pleasure in Suwon?�s signature meal?�barbecue beef ribs?�at Yeonpo Galbi (?�포갈비). Later on, you'll be able to hop over the dragon trolley, which stops outdoors the palace and 5 other sites alongside the wall for just W1,five hundred. To ease a person?�s concerns?? that is the sensitive title that temples use for restrooms.|Normally, I might endorse location apart most of the day, not rushing when you wander around the wall, and seeing some of the other things in Suwon As you?�re in this article.|Suwon is renowned for its loaded culinary heritage, which is deeply tied to its history and society. This South Korean town is well known for Suwon galbi, a style of Korean barbecue. On the other hand, We are going to exclude cow-based mostly dishes as per the request. Traditionally, the location's cuisine is influenced by the different dynasties that have ruled Korea, as well as the town's proximity to Seoul.|This shopping center homes a wide variety of merchandise, from cosmetics to Digital goods. It also has a roof back garden and cultural centre on the highest floor, and various YouTube studios plus a foods court.|Suwon?�s regular markets offer a glimpse into community daily life and culinary traditions. Notable marketplaces contain:|To encourage expansion, he ordered people today to move to Suwon at considerable price and exempted them from taxes for ten a long time. King Jeongjo also purchased community works, like the developing of instructional facilities to higher aid the town to be a money.|The investigate and advancement centre and headquarters for Samsung Electronics are based at a sprawling campus during the east of Suwon, in which there?�s a worthwhile museum with regard to the previous and way forward for the company.|Below, you?�ll look for a crowded street of numerous outlets selling attire and extras, arcades, karaoke joints, limitless food items choices from rapid food favourites to upscale dining establishments to Avenue meals carts.|). The serene placing is the ultimate resting spot for King Jeongjo and his wife, Queen Hyoui. With the king?�s ask for, his father?�s and mom?�s remains have been moved in this article. Offered the king?�s broad legacy on Korea, it?�s a fitting conclusion.|Janganmun's stone foundation is capped which has a two-storey wooden pavilion. A small, semi-circular protective wall generally known as an ongseong, is situated outside the gate. The gate was destroyed inside the Korean War and reconstructed from the nineteen seventies. North Gate|The majority of the short-term palace was wrecked but a restoration job commenced in 1996, opening in 2003, and now there are A number of items to view at Hwaseong Haenggung. It could choose at least 30 minutes (or more) to walk through and see all of the rooms.|Another option with general public transportation from Seoul should be to capture bus 1007 from Jamsil station or bus 3000 from Gangnam station, which will take you directly to the fortress.|Employee Welfare: The complex attributes amenities such as Health and fitness centers, cafes, and leisure parts for workers.|Suwon can be a regularly underrated travel location, however, if you?�re visiting Korea to immerse you from the region?�s gorgeous history and culture, then this metropolis is an excellent spot to go to!|  Substantially in the stone wall, some 6 kilometers (three.7 miles) long, remains intact, and any individual wanting an entire tour throughout the palace might take a little electrical train that goes within the total fortress. Walking The complete distance usually takes very well above two several hours, In accordance with palace employees.   For the Yeonmudae Submit In the palace, website visitors can try their hand at archery amid the open up fortress fields and, if the time is correct, see one of the standard performances.|Source: Jun_Oem / shutterstockGalbi Suwon is a huge gui city, that's food cooked at a conventional cafe on the grill within the centre in the desk.|There's also a close-by museum, open up Tuesday to Sunday among nine am and six pm, which visitors can enter for a small rate. It explores the history in the fortress, exhibiting architectural plans and maps, for many who want To find out more background information on the fortress??development.|This town is house to a lot of cafés and teahouses that offer a comforting ambiance and a style of community beverages and desserts. Noteworthy places contain:|The composition was constructed by King Jeongjo and was initially intended to function a political foundation in addition to a tomb for his father. Despite the fact that this remarkable framework was manufactured throughout the Joseon Dynasty, it even now manages to face tall now. |King Jeongjo begun Focus on Suwon Hwaseong Fortress in 1794 to build the large walls and defensive towers to surround his father?�s tomb along with other new political structures. It took two yrs to assemble and was concluded in 1796.|That reservoir has a fascinating Tale as it absolutely was excavated to produce h2o to paddy fields during the 18th century under Jeongjo of Joseon.|Suwon provides a nice escape in the non-stop town lifetime of Seoul, even though continue to being extremely accessible around the subway and thus an affordable and easy day out.}

a different hometown?? a sign of how King Jeongjo viewed as Suwon.|Along with a fantastic site plus a colourful design and style, Le Méridien Seoul Myeongdong also has beautiful sights and a stunning pool.|The state examinations and banquet with the very poor (around the celebration of Lady Hong's 61st birthday) ended up held right here.|Lots of buses depart from Suwon station and stop suitable outdoors the various gates and entrances from the fortress, bearing in your mind that the fortress is really an enormous framework that circles the whole of your previous town.|Whenever you e book a hotel or tour that we backlink to, we might gain a commission. The funds of your Gyeonggi Province lies in direction of the south with the gigantic Seoul Metropolitan Region, and its oldest neighbourhoods are enclosed because of the walls of Hwaseong Fortress.|Supply: Johnathan21 / shutterstockYeonmudae (Dongjandae) On significant ground up 3 tiers of techniques in between the east gate (Changryongmun ) and Hwahongmun is really an observation post that was put in place in 1795.|If you?�re hungry, be sure you check out the Wang Galbi, marinated the identical way as Galbi, that is a larger Reduce of meat, which makes it a great option in order to refill on this delectable treat!|Should you Keep to the river to the primary bridge (it?�s established a ground down below the highway), turn correct to go in direction of Haenggung-dong Mural Village Haenggung-dong Mural Village. It?�s a little but quite lovable area and a nice place to unwind right after strolling all alongside the wall.|The tradition minister will personally pay a visit to Every single on the one hundred chosen regions in the course of 2024 and 2025 to introduce Korea?�s concealed gems and figure out exactly what the central federal government can do to help you unfold the tourism prosperity. The Korea JoongAng Each day might be accompanying the minister on his journeys.   Hwaseong Haenggung in Suwon, Gyeonggi [NEWS1]|In order for you a watch of all the things with the incredibly hot air balloon?�s situation, then it?�s about eighteen,000 KRW for adults. I?�m kind of curious now to see how town views differ!|Farther together the ridge line could be the hanging Seobuk Gongsimdon observation tower. The potent three-Tale stone and brick edifice is peppered with holes for cannons and archers.|Close to the short-term palace, you may also have an interest from the Suwon Museum of Art, 1 of 4 areas in the city where by the establishment includes a gallery space.|The world now akin to Suwon has been inhabited considering the fact that at most current the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that time period to the early Iron Age are identified in the region, and include things like objects including pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads.|Although Substantially from the Hwaseong Fortress is built-in into the town of Suwon and obtainable 24 hours on a daily basis, it does have official opening hrs when every thing is on the market.|It was at first developed in order to defend the King?�s temporary palace or Hwaseong Haenggung Palace, so there?�s some actually magnificent historical architecture to become viewed here.|He wasn?�t profitable in going the money, but Suwon is currently thought of an essential metropolis in Korea and Suwon Hwaseong is one of the best points to see.|Hwaseong Haenggung is a big advanced of accommodation and Formal buildings which is known as a ??temporary|short-term|short term|momentary|non permanent} palace?? meaning it?�s not the king?�s Formal home.|When he wasn't in home it absolutely was used by his delegated official like a base of presidency. Haenggung was also employed for a 60th birthday bash for King Jeongjo's mom, Princess Hong of Hyegyeonggung, aged citizens' feasts and countrywide tests.|Suwon was supposed to be the capital city through the Joseon Dynasty, and the town walls measuring Practically 6km very long ended up built-in anticipation of going the royal court docket down south. Having browse around this website said that, All those options hardly ever pretty arrived to fruition and Suwon was remaining which has a UNESCO Environment Heritage Web page.|Hwaseong Fortress is in the massive town of Suwon, about 30 kilometres south of central Seoul. The fortress is around the middle of the city, about two kilometres from the main train station.|Using brick to be a setting up substance for that fortress and employment of effective pulleys and cranes were also due to the impact of Silhak.[two]|This collection depicts the 1795 procession structured by King Jeongjo for that 60th birthday of his mother, Girl Hyegyeong, that also commemorated the 60th birthday of his deceased father, Prince Sado.[23]|This superior-tech advanced is often a hub of innovation and technological improvement, contributing substantially to Suwon?�s contemporary identity. Highlights involve:|When you?�re travelling on the spending budget, this is certainly the best choice, as it should really only Price tag all over 2,000 won to get in this article (that?�s fewer than $2 USD) - not bad for on a daily basis excursion to another town!If you decide on to choose this method of transportation, something that you simply ought to pay attention to is that line just one branches into two various Instructions because it heads south.|Hwahongmun, if not called Buksumun, will be the gate underneath which the Suwoncheon flows on entering the world encompassed by Hwaseong and exited through Namsumun.}

The location was dedicated to King Jeongjo; even so, unlike other these kinds of shrines, through which ancestral tablets are housed for spiritual solutions, Hwaryeongjeon homes a portrait (restored in 2005) of your king, which was a more common protocol for honouring a dwelling monarch.

Town of Filial Piety??started off its humble roots as a small community in The traditional moments and has made into a important industrial hub, home to your electronics corporation powerhouse Samsung.|Seobuk Gangnu, dealing with a hill often known as Sukjisan, would be the lookout publish straight away anti-clockwise from Hwaseomun. With considerably less of a wide industry of look at than from the other aspect from the gate, it is actually shorter as opposed to gongsimdon a short distance to the north-east. The pavilion's ground ground is fitted by having an below-flooring heating method. North-West Pavilion|What would you need to do When the heir to your throne was a serial murderer and rapist who showed no signs of halting? Oh, and just to incorporate in a twist, no one ??not even the king ??is permitted to hurt him.|The fortress was created by using a scientific precision for the 18th century, and in some cases the tiniest details were being recorded inside the Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe doc of 1801, that has supplied an ideal reference for restorations.|Suwon is a secure city with minimal criminal offense fees, but travelers need to continue to consider common safety measures. Observing nearby customs and etiquette, for example taking away sneakers prior to getting into properties and respecting own space, will make sure a pleasing practical experience.|King Jeongjo also needed to stop the factional divisions that were threatening to tear aside his governing administration (and may have led towards the Loss of life of his father).|As This is a spot noted for historic web-sites rather then mother nature, The fantastic thing about town continues to be Pretty much dependable through the seasons due to the stunning architectural sights that stand here.|The mountain was chosen because it experienced superior geomantic Houses (Basically, its condition and placement have been believed to deliver great fortune). However the mountain was also for use as just one side of the fortress, offering supplemental purely natural defences.|Definitely, Gwanggyo Lake Park is a beautiful place to have a comfortable stroll in refreshing nature. The autumn foliage here will bless your eyes. Furthermore, the park stands out for its Charming evening views and passionate environment when the area is illuminated with distinctive colors during the night. |But King Jeongjo were so happy with his new city that he had questioned for information to become set collectively of how it were developed.|Store till you drop at Lotte Section Shop Suwon. As amongst the biggest chain department stores in South Korea, this Lotte department in Suwon boasts lots of manufacturers, both domestic and Intercontinental, offering a variety of cosmetics, lovable fashion components, gorgeous clothing, and in some cases home appliances. |I?�ll be genuine ??for some motive, I thought the fortress was just a little structure, and I wouldn?�t definitely be impressed by it immediately after seeing Seoul?�s palaces and about 1,000,000 temples through the region. |Having said that, Goldbank's instability at corporate stage meant which the group was typically neglected to The purpose exactly where they'd no permanent instruction facility and needed to coach and apply at municipal or university-owned gymnasiums and gamers' lodging were much clear of their house ground.[eight]|Suwon is usually a city that fantastically balances its abundant historic heritage with contemporary innovation. Through the majestic Hwaseong Fortress as well as cultural vibrancy of traditional markets on the technological prowess of Samsung Electronic Town, this town offers a diverse and enriching travel experience.|Next to Haenggung, inbuilt 1801, is Hwaryeongjeon, a shrine housing the portraits King Jeongjo. It had been Jeongjo's unfulfilled desire to Create this smaller complex, so it was built in the initial yr of King Sunjo's reign in his honour.|On days with weighty rain the wing-formed roof brings about drinking water to cascade, in a very phenomenon often called Significant Bird Falls, which is believed to point superior luck via the Bluewings??extra superstitious lovers.|This museum is a little unique in that it's unfold across four different destinations, together with Hwaseong Haenggung Palace Sq., Pajang-dong, Art Space Gwanggyo, and Manseok Park, and every site features A variety of special and beautiful artworks, making it a terrific way to shell out some time on an art tour!|Haenggung, this means detached palace, is often a palace created inside the walls of Hwaseong to deal with King Jeongjo when he was faraway from his palace in Seoul worshipping at his father's tomb.|The entire website of Hwaseong Fortress handles a good bit of region in Suwon, with a large wide range of various functions. It would acquire an entire working day to protect each of the things to discover at Hwaseong Fortress ??Despite the fact that you will get to every one of the highlights in much less time than that.|This ceremony is usually a reconstruction of that which was held in Hwaseong from the 1790s from the royal guards who were promoted for the posture of hunryeon dogam, that means training guards. There have been twelve thousand guards housed in Korea's largest armed service camp. When King Jeongjo moved his father's physique to Hwasan in Suwon in 1789 he named the tomb Hyeonryungwon and deployed troopers from this camp to guard the new site.|The gate has the apparent functionality of getting a bridge, but will also housed cannons for defensive reasons. The Suwoncheon was widened at this stage and also the gate has 7 arches by which it passes. Hwahongmun|The new crew participated in the inaugural KBL period, which started in February 1997.[three] As a relatively new franchise sponsored by a more compact company business, the Nasan Flamans did not have star gamers of that period, nor did they may have the monetary methods to entice the largest names like some of their counterparts.[one] It had been one of several couple of franchises whose players weren't picked for the 1998 Asian Video games, Whilst certainly one of the higher-recognised players from that era was potential South Korea nationwide workforce mentor Kim Sang-shik, the totally free throw proportion chief for that 1997??98|ninety eight} time.|You don?�t need to go your entire duration, which can choose up to two hours in the event you?�re halting to discover matters along the best way. But I might advise going to a minimum of the Buksumun floodgate. From there, it is possible to Slice back along the stream, with the metropolis, to in which you begun.|Map from the fortress Hwaseong Fortress was created around a two-and-a-50 %-year period, from 1794 to 1796 according to the styles on the architect Jeong Yakyong, who'd later on turn into a renowned chief from the Silhak motion. Silhak, which means simple Understanding, encouraged the usage of science and business, and Jeong included fortress types from Korea and China in conjunction with modern day science into his options.|An admission ticket will established you back again 1, 500KRW, along with a guard ceremony attributes in the front gate on Sundays in the months between April and Oct.|The western gate, often known as the Hwaseomun Gate, has just just one story tower over the stone entrance, which also features a crescent-formed wall all over it.}

Wander about 300 meters in its direction before making a proper change. The quick detour is to pay respects to Geobuksandang, a colorful ?�turtle shrine??initial built circa 1790 to promote peace and prosperity for Yeongdong Market?�s retailers. Inside is surely an altar in which offerings of food, bouquets and incense remain made Every Oct seventh.

The publish was Traditionally a teaching floor for army troops.   At the Yeonmudae Write-up In the palace, website visitors can try out their hand at archery inside the open fields. The write-up was once a coaching floor for navy troops. The culture minister, fourth from remaining, provides a go at archery at the armed service put up throughout his stop by to Suwon previous month. [MINISTRY OF Lifestyle, Sports activities AND TOURISM]

Walkers can Keep to the stream northwards to the wall?�s Hwahongmun (?�홍�?. The pavilion?�which is a well-liked napping location?�spans the waterway atop seven graceful stone arches.}